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Image Analysis

An image analysis enables you to analyze simple shapes based on their gray values. For example, you can automatically count and classify particles in the sample according to their size or color.

Setting up an image analysis consists of the following steps:

Classifying measurements
Specifying the region of an image to be analyzed
Configuring object detection
Automatically correcting object detection
Manually correcting object detection
Defining values to be measured
Previewing measurements

You are guided through these steps using the Image Analysis Wizard.

An image analysis can be run as follows:

Interactively
Automatically

When run interactively, the user can adjust the settings in each of steps 2-5 if enabled in the measurement definition. Since this mode requires a good knowledge of the sample and the software, it is typically used by supervisors in Free Mode.

When run automatically, the user cannot adjust any settings. The interaction is limited to acquiring or selecting the image and saving the analysis results. This is typical for inclusion in a job template. In this case, it is common to assign the image analysis to a macro and insert the macro into the template rather than the image analysis itself.

Creating an Image Analysis Setting

To be able to automatically analyze a sample you first have to create a new image analysis or modify an existing one.

You have opened an image and the Image Analysis workbench is selected.

In the Image Analysis tool, click to select a default setting file.
Click to save the file in the Archive under a new name.
Click Setup Image Analysis.
The image analysis wizard opens, see Image Analysis Wizard.
Complete all the steps of the wizard and click Finish.

You have created an image analysis setting. You can now run the image analysis in Free Mode, use it in a job template, or execute it with a macro.

Running an Image Analysis

Image analysis can be run as follows:

An image is displayed.
The Image Analysis workbench is selected.

Under Settings File select the desired image analysis file.
If you are in Free Mode, click Analyze. If you are in Job Mode, go to the first step of the analysis.
In Free Mode, you can change the parameters of every step where the Interactive checkbox was activated during setup. In Job Mode, you can change the parameters of every step that is not set to run silent. The rest of the image analysis is performed automatically.
If you have selected a settings file that you created from a machine learning or AI model, some parameters of the image analysis are already predefined and cannot be changed, e.g. the number of classes and the segmentation method.

The results of the image analysis are displayed in the image and a results table.

Operating the Image Analysis Wizard

Defining Measurement Classes

This step in the Image Analysis Wizard enables you to create measurement classes for the sample. A class corresponds to a type of object to be detected, for example objects with a specific brightness or shape.

This step enables you to define how many measurement classes are required. The properties of a class (i.e. how an object is detected) are defined in a later step. When you create a class it is added to the list of classes. The class itself contains the measurement values for each individual detected object. To define the classes for the image analysis:

Click Add Class.
The new class is always added below the currently selected item.
Enter a meaningful name for the class.
In a multichannel image, select which channel should be evaluated.
Select the color in which the detected objects should be displayed.
Click Next.

Specifying Region of Image to be Analyzed (Frame)

This step in the Image Analysis Wizard enables you to specify the following:

The areas of the image to be measured (measurement frames)
How objects at the edge of the image or frame are treated

If you wish a user to be able to adjust the settings in this step when the job is run, activate Interactive.
Specify the measurement area:
Use the drawing tools to create one or more new areas.
You can modify measurement areas by dragging them in the image or entering coordinates.
If you wish to measure the entire image, click the icon to delete all measurement areas.
In Mode, specify how objects at the edge of the image or the measurement area are treated.
Click Next.

For detailed information about each parameter, see Frame.

Configuring Object Detection (Automatic Segmentation)

This step in the image analysis enables you to specify how objects are detected. All the objects detected with the current settings are highlighted in the image.

If not all objects are detected automatically, it is better to adjust the parameters so that too many objects are detected. You can then use the following steps to exclude objects, for example based on their size or roundness.
You can manually add or remove objects that are difficult to detect in a later step.

If you want this step to be included when the analysis is run, activate Execute.
Otherwise the step is skipped.
If you want a user to be able to adjust the settings in this step when the analysis is run, activate Interactive.
Select the class for which you wish to modify the settings.
You can specify different settings for each class.
Select the Segmentation Method for the class from the dropdown, or click Explore
The dialog for segmentation method selection opens. This dialog is also opened automatically when you enter the step.
Select the method you want to use for segmentation of the selected class, and click OK.
The dialog closes and the available parameters are changed based on your method selection. For detailed information about each possible parameter, see Automatic Segmentation.
Use the displayed parameters to configure the segmentation of objects in your image.
The segmentation masks are displayed and updated in the image.
Click Next.

Automatically Correcting Object Detection (Condition)

This step in the Image Analysis Wizard enables you to specify which of the detected objects are measured, based on various properties such as area, intensity, or roundness.

All the objects detected with the current settings are highlighted in the image.

You can manually add or remove objects that are difficult to detect in the next step.

If you wish this step to be included when the job is run, activate Execute.
Otherwise the step is skipped.
If you wish a user to be able to adjust the settings in this step when the job is run, activate Interactive.
Select the class for which you wish to modify the settings.
You can specify different settings for each class.
Click Edit.
Double-click the properties you wish to use to select detected objects.
The selected properties are added to a so-called block. The properties are joined by "And" conditions: only detected objects which fulfill all the properties in a block are measured; all the other detected objects are excluded.
You can filter the list by entering the first few letters of the property name in Search Feature or by selecting the corresponding category of property in the drop-down.
For more information about the properties and their values, see Feature Selection Dialog.
To create an alternative block, click Add Block.
The blocks are joined by an "Or" condition. Objects that fulfill all the conditions in at least one block are measured.
Double-click the properties to add to the new block.
Repeat steps 5-7 as desired.
When you have selected all the desired properties, click OK.
For each property, click a representative object in the image.
The threshold values for the property are set based on the values of the selected object.
If desired, correct the lower and upper threshold values in Minimum and Maximum respectively.
If the object's property is not between the thresholds, it is excluded.
If you do not want to include a threshold for a property, deactivate the corresponding checkbox. In this case, the threshold is set to the minimum or maximum possible value respectively.
Click Next.

For detailed information about each parameter, see Region Filter.

Manually Correcting Object Detection (Interactive Segmentation)

This step in the Image Analysis Wizard enables you to add or remove individual objects to be measured. The step can be considered a manual "fine-tuning" of the automatic detection results of the previous steps. After this step, all the objects you wish to measure should be selected and any you do not wish to be measured should be removed.

All the objects detected with the current settings are highlighted in the image.

If you need to make large numbers of manual corrections, it might be quicker to try adjusting the parameters in the previous steps first.

If you wish this step to be included when the job is run, activate Interactive.
Otherwise the step is skipped.
Select the class for which you wish to modify the settings.
You can specify different settings for each class.
To add a new object or remove part an object, click Draw or Erase and use a drawing tool in the image.
Draw: Adds the area drawn as a new object
Erase: Removes the area drawn from any existing objects; the remaining parts of the objects are measured
For more information about how to use the drawing tools, see Interactive Segmentation.
To split an existing object into multiple objects click Cut and draw a line in the image where the object should be split.
The resulting objects are measured separately.
To extend the size of an object click Merge and use a drawing tool in the image.
If the area drawn overlaps an existing object, the area and object are joined into a single object.
To fill an object containing a hole, click Fill then click an object in the image.
The hole is filled and the complete object is measured.
To delete objects, click the desired action and then click an object in the image:
Remove: Deletes the selected object; the object is no longer measured
: Removes all objects; no objects are measured
To expand or reduce the size of an object based on the brightness of surrounding pixels, click + or - and click a representative area in the image. The amount by which the object expands or reduces depends on the brightness of the selected pixel, its proximity to other objects, and the values of the Intensity and Color parameters.
+: Expands the closest object
-: Reduces the closest object
Click Next.

For detailed information about each parameter, see Interactive Segmentation.

Creating Custom Features

You are in the Features step of the analysis wizard in Free Mode or the respective step in Job Mode.

Select a class in the list and click Custom Feature.
The Custom Feature Editor opens. All already defined features are displayed in the list, or on initial opening an empty default entry is already created.
In the Custom Features list, click + to add a new entry. Alternatively, if no feature has been defined yet, select the automatically displayed default entry.
A new entry is added to the list.
Under Define Custom Feature, define the Name for your feature and optionally specify a Unit, if applicable.
In the Define Operands list, click + to add a new operand. Alternatively, if no operand has been defined yet, select the automatically displayed default entry.
A new operand entry is created.
Select the Class which is used to generate the operand.
In the Features dropdown list, select the measurement feature that you want to use to define the operand.
The selected class and measurement feature are displayed as Expression.
Repeat the previous steps to define all operands you need to calculate your custom feature.
All defined operands are displayed in the Define Operands list.
Under Define Custom Expression, enter your operands and use the mathematical operators to define the calculation for your custom feature, e.g. 100*(a/b+Math.Pow(c,2)).
Click Verify Expression.
The syntax of your expression is checked and verified. In case the expression is not valid, an error message is displayed.
Repeat this whole workflow to create all custom features required for your image analysis.
All created features are displayed in the Custom Features list of the respective class.
Click OK.
The editor closes and saves the defined custom features. They are displayed in the list of the Features step of the wizard.
After analyzing an image with the setting, the custom features are displayed in the result table of the respective class.

Previewing Measurement (Measure)

This step in the Image Analysis Wizard displays a preview of the measurement results of the selected class. These results are calculated roughly and may differ from the actual results when the image analysis is performed.

Check the measurement results for each class.
If you are not satisfied with the results, change the settings in the previous steps.
Click Finish to save the image analysis.

For detailed information about each parameter, see Results Preview.

Operator Workflow - Counting Cells (Loaded Images)

Operator workflows are designed by Supervisors. In the following you see the operator workflow Counting Cells (Loaded Images), which allows to count fluorescently-labeled nuclei that can serve as a proxy for the cell number.

Tasks	Description	To Do
Form	The input form ZEISS Cells is provided. The form is displayed in the report.	The default form is displayed. To change the form, in the Form Selection tool, select the form, see Form Selection Tool. Fill in relevant data according to your sample.
Load File	Load images you acquired earlier.	In the Load Multiple Image tool, load images from disk to display them in the Center Screen Area, see Load Image Tool. Loaded images have the fluorescently-labeled nuclei as first channel.
Image Segmentation	Generate one mask for all nuclei per cell.	Generate masks for nuclei, which are then counted, see Automatic Segmentation. To separate neighboring nuclei use a separation tool, e.g. Watersheds. If a large part of the image is selected initially, use background subtraction.
Region Filter	Results are refined based on area and circularity of the objects.	To refine the selection to limit the analysis to one object or nucleus per cell, use region filters for area and circularity, see Region Filter.
Measurement Data	Check the results based on the previously conducted image analysis. The results are displayed in a table.	To select an object, click a value in the table, and to check the size of a certain object, click the object in the Center Screen Area. For more information, see Measurement Data Tool.
Report	Creates a report document, see Reports. You can print the report. The report contains the following information: Form Counts and counts/mm² for each image and their mean Display of all images with the detected nuclei	For your documentation, you create a report.

Image Analysis Workbench

This workbench enables set up and perform an image analysis. For example, you can automatically count and classify particles in the sample according to their size or color.

Automatic Measurement Tool

This tool enables you to set up and perform an automatic image analysis.

Parameter		Description
Settings File		Displays the selected settings file.
–	Open	Opens a dialog to select your image analysis setting.
–	Save	Saves the current setting to the Archive.
Class tree		Displays a preview of the classes to be analyzed.
Setup Image Analysis		Opens the Image Analysis Wizard to configure the image analysis.
Analyze		Runs the selected image analysis.

Image Analysis Wizard

This wizard guides you through the setup of an image analysis. The following basic controls enable you to move through the steps:

Parameter	Description
Next	Moves on to the next step of the wizard.
Back	Moves back to the previous step of the wizard.
Cancel	Cancels the wizard. No changes are applied to your settings.
Finish	Saves the setup and the changes based on your progress and closes the wizard.

Classes

Difference in Job Mode

The available functionality of the individual steps can differ between the wizard in Free Mode and the steps that can be added in Job Mode, e.g. the Interactive checkbox is not visible in Job Mode.

In this step you can define the classes into which the measured objects in the image are divided.

Parameter		Description
Interactive		Activated: The measurement frame definition can be changed interactively while the analysis setting is run.
Class List		Displays the defined classes. If you create a new analysis setting, a predefined set of classes is created automatically. Each class also contains a summation class (not displayed in the class list). Each class contains the individual regions belonging to that class and in the class result table the defined measurement features for each individual object are displayed. The summation class on the other hand concerns all the objects belonging to the class. The corresponding result table contains "statistical" features such as the object count or the mean intensity of all objects belonging to the class.
Add Class		Adds a new individual class to the list on the base level.
Add Subclass		Adds a new subclass to the selected class.
Remove Class		Deletes the selected class from the list.
Name		Defines the name for the selected class in the list. Note that you must not use the name Root for one of your classes as this a reserved keyword.
Channel		Selects the channel that is used for image segmentation of the selected class in the class list.
Object Color		Selects a color to mark the objects of a class.
–	Random	The objects found by the analysis will be colorized randomly.
–	Fixed	Selects the fixed color to mark the objects of a class.

Automatic Segmentation

Difference in Job Mode

In this step you can select the segmentation method that is applied and set parameters for the segmentation of the objects that you want to measure. All the objects detected with the current settings are highlighted in the image. Note that during the setup of the analysis (via Setup Image Analysis in Free Mode), the segmentation is only performed on the area visible in the viewport. If you enter the interactive analysis or are in Job Mode, the image will be fully segmented.

Parameter		Description
Execute		Activated: This step is included when the analysis is run. Otherwise the step is skipped.
Interactive		Activated: The segmentation can be changed interactively while the analysis setting is run.
Class List		Selects the class for which you want to define the segmentation. You can specify different settings for each class.
Segmentation Method		Displays and selects a segmentation method for the currently selected class with the dropdown.
-	Explore	Opens the dialog to explore and select an available segmentation method, see Segmentation Method Selection Dialog.

The visible parameters depend on the selected segmentation method. The following parameters sections can be available:

Sharpen Section

Parameter		Description
Sharpen		Select how to improve the sharpness by enhancing contrast at fine structures and edges of the image before the threshold values are set. The following methods are available:
-	None	No sharpening algorithm is applied.
-	Delineate	Applies the Delineate method. It emphasizes edges around structures in an image, which is useful for images where the gray value range of structures differs clearly from the gray value range of the pixels around them.
-	Unsharp Masking	Applies the Unsharp Masking method.
Threshold		Only visible, if you have selected Delineate. Sets the threshold value for edge detection. The threshold value should correspond roughly to the gray value difference between objects and the background.
Size		Only visible, if you have selected Delineate. Sets the size of the edge detection filter, i.e. the size of image details which are enhanced. The smaller the Size value is, the finer are the details affected by the tool. The value should correspond to the size of the transition area between objects and the background.
Strength		Only visible, if you have selected Unsharp Masking. Sets the strength of the Unsharp Masking. The higher the value selected, the greater the extent to which small structures are enhanced.

Threshold & Histogram Section

Here you can define the threshold values for the selected class in the class list.

Parameter		Description
Threshold		Sets the brightness boundaries between which pixels are considered.
–	Reset	Clears the upper and lower thresholds. No pixels are considered.
–	Undo	Undoes the last change made to the threshold values.
–	Redo	Restores the last undone change to the threshold values.
Color Model		Only visible if the image is a color image, see Color Model.
-	RGB	In RGB mode you can define the threshold values for the red, green and blue color channels.
-	HLS	In HLS mode you can define the threshold values for hue, saturation and lightness.
–	Low	Sets the lower threshold. Only pixel values above this value are considered. The range of possible values depends on the bit depth of the image.
–	High	Sets the upper threshold. Only pixel values below this value are considered. The range of possible values depends on the bit depth of the image.
–	Invert	Only pixels outside the threshold boundaries are considered, i.e. those pixels below the lower threshold and above the higher threshold.
–	Full Range	Sets the lower threshold to 0 and the upper threshold to the highest value (depending on bit depth). The entire range of pixel values is considered.
Histogram		In the histogram you can change the lower and upper threshold value for the activated value. Drag the lower or upper adjustment handle or shift the entire highlighted area between the lower and upper threshold value.
Click		Click in the image on the regions that you want to define as objects. The threshold values are adapted according to the pixel intensities at the clicked position in the image.
Automatic		The threshold values are determined automatically from the histogram. During setup only the part of the image displayed in the viewport is taken for the calculation of the threshold. After the automatic calculation of the threshold values you can further modify the threshold values found interactively by selecting Click for threshold value definition.
Pick Behavior		Only visible, if you have selected Click.
-	+	Enables you to expand the currently segmented regions by the gray values/colors of the objects subsequently clicked on.
-	-	Enables you to reduce the currently segmented regions by the gray values/colors of the objects subsequently clicked on.
Tolerance		Only visible, if you have selected Click. Specifies how many additional pixel values are included in the selection based on their brightness. A higher value means that more pixel values similar to the selected one are included. A lower value means that only the exact pixel value selected is included.
Neighborhood		Only visible, if you have selected Click. Specifies how many additional pixel values are included in the selection based on their physical proximity to the selected pixel. A higher value means that more pixels surrounding the selected pixel are included. The threshold boundaries are adapted so that all the pixel values of these neighboring pixels are included. A lower value means that the boundaries are adapted based on only the pixels directly next to the selected pixel.
Method		Only visible, if you have selected Automatic. Selects the algorithm that is used to automatically detect the threshold boundaries. The most suitable algorithm depends on your precise requirements. The value also depends on the bit depth of the image. The following methods are available:
-	Otsu	The pixel values below the threshold are designated as background and those above the threshold as foreground. It iterates through all possible threshold values and calculates the variance of the pixel intensities of the background and foreground pixels for each value. The threshold is set at the value that minimizes both variances. This method is particularly suited to light objects on a dark background.
-	Maximum Peak	Separates background and foreground pixels at the maximum value of the histogram.
-	Iso-Data	The pixel values below the threshold are designated as background and those above the threshold as foreground. An initial threshold value is chosen, and the mean pixel intensity of the foreground and background pixels is calculated. These two mean values are averaged and the result serves as the input threshold for the next calculation. The process is repeated until the threshold value no longer changes.
-	Triangle Threshold	The algorithm constructs a line between the peak of the highest frequency pixel intensity and the lowest pixel intensity. The distance between the line and the histogram is computed for all values along the line. The pixel intensity where the line is longest is used as the threshold. This method is particularly suited when the foreground pixels only have a weak peak in the histogram.
-	Three Sigma Threshold	Calculates the pixel value that occurs most frequently. The standard deviation of the values in the peak is calculated. The threshold is set to the pixel intensity that is the sum of the average peak value and three times the standard deviation.

Color Model

RGB

Here you can set the RGB channel threshold values.

Parameter	Description
Red	Activates the red channel in the Expander Histogram.
Green	Activates the green channel in the Expander Histogram.
Blue	Activates the blue channel in the Expander Histogram.

HLS

Here you can set the hue, lightness and saturation threshold values.

Parameter	Description
Hue	Activates the hue in the Expander Histogram.
Lightness	Activates the lightness in the Expander Histogram.
Saturation	Activates the saturation in the Expander Histogram.

Variance Section

This section is only visible if Variance-Based Thresholding is selected.

Parameter		Description
Kernel Size		Sets the kernel size used to calculate the variance value of one pixel with its neighboring pixels.
Variance		Defines the lower and upper threshold for the variance.

Model Section

This section is only visible if AI Semantic Segmentation or AI Instance Segmentation is selected.

Parameter		Description
Model Name		Displays the name of the currently selected model.
–	Select Model	Opens the dialog to select a segmentation model. Note that you can only use models trained on a single channel.
Model Version		Only visible if AI Instance Segmentation is selected. Displays the currently selected model version.
Model Class		Displays the name of the currently used model class.
–	Reset	Resets/Deletes the selected model.
Min. Confidence		Sets the minimum value (in %) for the confidence that a certain pixel belongs to the segmented class. The default value is 51.

Select Model Dialog

Parameter	Description
Model Name	Selects a model. Only models trained on one channel images are shown here because only those can be used to segment a specific class assigned to a specific channel.
Model Class	Selects the model class.
Model Version	Only visible for AI Instance Segmentation. Selects the version of the model.
OK	Selects the respective model.
Cancel	Cancels the model selection and closes the dialog.

Subtract BG Section

Parameter		Description
Subtract BG		Only visible if Segmentation with Background Subtraction is selected. Selects which kind of background subtraction is performed.
-	None	No background subtraction is performed.
-	Rolling ball	The rolling ball background subtraction is performed.

Object Size & Hole Section

Parameter		Description
Min. Object Size		Sets the minimum size in pixels that an object must have in order to be segmented.
Min. Hole Size		Sets the minimum size in pixels that a hole must have in order to be recognized for segmentation. This input is synchronized with the input for Min. Object Size, which must not be smaller than Min. Hole Size.
Fill all Holes		Specifies how holes in detected objects are treated.
–	On	Fills holes in segmented objects ().
–	Off	Does not fill the holes in segmented objects ().

Binary Section

Parameter		Description
Binary		Selects which morphological operations are performed on the segmented (binary) image.
-	None	No operation is performed.
-	Open	Performs first erosion and then dilation. The effect is smoothing and removing of isolated pixels.
-	Close	Performs first dilation and then erosion. The effect is smoothing of the objects and filling of small holes.
-	Dilate	Enlarges the boundaries of segmented regions. Areas grow in size and holes within the regions become smaller.
-	Erode	Erodes boundaries of the segmented regions. The areas shrink in size and holes within the areas become larger.
Count		Sets how often the selected binary operation is performed with the slider or input field.

Suppress Section

Parameter	Description
Suppress Invalid	Activated: Discards invalid pixels at the border of the image.
Suppress Border	Only visible if Variance-Based Thresholding is selected. Activated: Suppresses the border pixels which might be incorrect, as areas outside of the image are filled with zeros. The excluded area depends on the used kernel size.

Segmentation Method Selection Dialog

With this dialog you can select the method that is used for segmenting the class currently selected in the class list.

Parameter		Description
Global Thresholding		Applies a fixed threshold across the entire image to segment objects of interest. Use it for images with consistent object intensity like fluorescence images.
AI Instance Segmentation		Uses a deep learning model trained on arivis Cloud to distinguish and separate individual objects, even if touching or overlapping. Use it for precise identification in complex images. You need the Docker Desktop software running on your PC and have a suitable model available, see Machine Learning and AI Functionalities in ZEN core.
AI Semantic Segmentation		Uses a semantic machine learning model trained with Intellesis in ZEN core or arivis Cloud for classifying regions. Use it for labeling image regions by predefined classes, using random forest or deep learning. For semantic segmentation models, you need an installation of the 3rd party Python Tools.
Background Subtraction		Uses a rolling ball algorithm to subtract uneven background, then applies a global threshold to segment objects. Use it for images with varying background intensity.
Variance-Based Thresholding		Segments based on intensity changes. Use it for brightfield images where objects are distinguished by variance rather than consistent intensity.
Dynamic Thresholding		Applies local thresholds to different regions to handle inhomogeneous backgrounds. Use it for images with uneven illumination.
Don't show this automatically		Activated: The dialog is not opened automatically anymore for all users and can only be opened with the Explore button. Deactivated: The dialog opens automatically when entering the respective step of the image analysis.
OK		Uses the selected segmentation method for the class and closes the dialog.

Region Filter

Difference in Job Mode

Settings based on image view

Note that during the setup of the analysis (via Setup Image Analysis in Free Mode), the segmentation is only performed on the area visible in the viewport. Therefore, if you adapt the region filter by clicking on the objects displayed in the viewport, and select objects that are cut by the current viewport, these objects will only be segmented partially. The region filter will only be adapted based on the part of the object that is in the viewport. In case you want to select objects that exceed the viewport, we suggest to adapt the region filter values manually.

If you enter the interactive analysis or are in Job Mode, the image will be fully segmented during the segmentation step, and therefore it is possible to adapt the region filters by clicking on the objects in the image.

In this step you can define the region filter conditions under which you want an object to be measured.

Parameter		Description
Execute		Activated: Uses the region filters when the analysis is run.
Interactive		Activated: The region filters can be changed while the analysis setting is run.
Class List		Selects the class for which you want to define the filter.
Select Features		Opens the Region Filter Editor to select region filters.
Copy to All		Copies the defined region filters to all classes.
Region Filter Blocks		If you have defined one or more blocks with region filters in the Region Filter Editor, you can select the block for which you want to set the filter. Select the relevant block and set the maximum/minimum values either by clicking on the objects in the image you want to include in the measurement, or by entering the maximum/minimum values separately.
–	Feature	Displays the name of the respective filter feature.
–	Minimum	Specifies the lower threshold of the filter. If an object's property is above this value, the object is measured. If you do not want to use this threshold, deactivate the checkbox. The threshold is set to the minimum possible value (typically 0).
–	Maximum	Defines the upper threshold of the filter. If an object's property is below this value, the object is measured. If you do not want to use this threshold, deactivate the checkbox. The threshold is set to the maximum possible value.
Undo		Undoes the last change made to the filter.
Redo		Restores the last undone change to the filter.
Reset		Resets all settings for the filter.

Region Filter Editor Dialog

All features in the list of selected features are calculated during image analysis. The results are displayed in the results table for all detected objects of the same class. The columns of the features are sorted according to the order they appear in the Selected Features list. You can create complex rules by joining blocks using Or conditions. The results of the settings you set here are displayed in the result table of the last step of the wizard.

For a detailed description of the individual features, see Measurement Features.

Parameter		Description
Selected Features		Displays the features that you have selected block by block. All features in a block are And-linked, i.e. an object is only measured if the values of each individual feature fall within the defined range.
Add Block		Adds an Or block. If several Or blocks are defined, an object is measured if it meets the condition in at least one block.
Clear Block		Deletes all features in an Or block.
Delete Block		Deletes the selected Or block.
Delete All		Deletes all Or blocks.
Available Features		Displays the list with all available features. Double-click on the feature or click + to add the feature to the list of selected features on the left.
Search Field		Searches for features by name.
Filter Dropdown		Filters the list of displayed features.
-	All	Lists all available features.
-	Geometric Features	Lists only the subset of geometric features.
-	Intensity Features	Lists only the subset of intensity features.
-	Position Features	Lists only the subset of position features.
-	Geometric Features Unscaled	Lists only the subset of unscaled geometric features.
-	Position Features Unscaled	Lists only the subset of unscaled position features.
+ Add		Adds the selected feature to the list of selected features on the left.
OK		Saves the changes and closes the dialog.

Interactive Segmentation

Difference in Job Mode

In this step you can post-process the segmented objects interactively. You can modify the results of the automated segmentation when you analyze your image data. Note that during the setup of the analysis (via Setup Image Analysis in Free Mode), the segmentation is only performed on the area visible in the viewport. If you enter the interactive analysis or are in Job Mode, the image will be fully segmented.

Parameter		Description
Interactive		Not available for Technical Cleanliness Analysis. Activated: The segmented objects can be post-processed interactively while the analysis setting is run.
Class List		Not available for Technical Cleanliness Analysis. Selects the class whose objects you want to process.

Edit Region section

Parameter	Description
Draw	Enables you to draw new objects of the selected class.
Erase	Enables you to erase parts of an object. While pressing the left mouse button, outline the parts of the object that you want to erase. Right-click to erase these parts of the object.
Cut	Enables you to separate connected objects. While pressing the left mouse button, draw in the separation line between the objects. Right-click to cut the objects.
Merge	Enables you to connect objects. While pressing the left mouse button, outline the parts of the object that you want to merge. Right-click to merge the objects.
Fill	Fills a hole. To fill a hole, left-click on the hole. If a selected object completely surrounds another potential area, then the enclosed area is also included ().
Remove	Enables you to remove a drawn in object by clicking on it.
Remove All	Deletes all drawn objects.
Draw Rectangle	Enables you to add a rectangular object or cut a rectangular region from an object.
Draw Circle	Enables you to add a circular object or cut a circular region from an object.
Draw Contour	Enables you to add an object or cut a region from an object.
Draw Contour (Spline)	Enables you to add an object or cut a region from an object.
Draw Active Contour	Enables you to add an object or cut a region from an object.
Draw Polyline Region	Enables you to add a line-object.
Draw Point	Enables you to add a point object.

Region Growing section

For the module Technical Cleanliness Analysis, only Undo and Redo are available.

Parameter		Description
Mode		Expands or reduces the size of an object based on the brightness of surrounding pixels
–	+	Click on areas in the image you want to add to the selected object class.
–	-	Click on areas in the image you want to remove from the selected object class.
Intensity		Sets the tolerance value for the intensity. The tolerance value specifies how much the intensity of a pixel may deviate from the average intensity of the selected object in order to still "grow" to become part of the object. A higher value means that more pixel values similar to the selected one are included. A lower value means that only the exact pixel value selected is included.
Color		Only active if your input image is a color image. Sets the tolerance value for the color. The tolerance value specifies how much the color value of a pixel may deviate from the average color value of the selected object in order to still "grow" to become part of the object. A higher value means that more colors similar to the selected one are displayed. A lower value means that only the exact color selected is displayed. The comparison is based on the RGB (red green blue) colorspace.
Fill		Fills holes that are created during region growing. Activated (): If a detected object completely surrounds another potential area, then the enclosed area is also included. Deactivated (): Only the detected object is included.
Undo		Undoes the last action.
Redo		Restores the last undone action.

Post Processing section

Only visible for images with a size smaller than 10000 x 10000 pixel.

Parameter	Description
Region Filter	Reapplies the region filter you defined in the previous step to the post-processed image.

Features

Difference in Job Mode

In this step you select the measurement features.

Parameter		Description
Interactive		Activated: The features can be changed interactively while the analysis setting is run.
Class List		Selects the class for which you want to define measurement features. You can specify different settings for each class.
Features of Individual Regions/Features of All Regions		Displays the features for the currently selected class/all classes and allows you to select additional features.
–	Select	Opens the dialog for feature selection.
–	Copy to All	Copies the defined features to all other classes.
–	Feature	Displays the feature name(s) added for the currently selected class.
–	Display	If you activate Display in the feature selection dialog for a feature, the result of the measurement is displayed next to the corresponding object in the analyzed image. Deactivated: The measurement is performed but not displayed in the image. This prevents the image becoming cluttered.
Annotations		Allows you to add annotations to the image, for example to indicate areas of particular significance.
–	Select	Opens the dialog to select or edit the image annotations.
–	Copy to All	Copies the annotations to all other classes.
–	Feature	Displays the names of the annotations.
Annotation Options
–	Color	Activated: Allows you to select the color for the region annotations.
Custom Feature		Opens the editor to define a custom feature, see Custom Feature Editor.
Feature list		Displays a list of all created custom features.

Select Features of Individual Regions Dialog

For a description of individual measurement features, see Measurement Features.

Parameter		Description
Selected Features		Displays all selected features that are calculated for the object during image analysis.
-	Name	Displays the name of the respective feature.
-	Display	Activated: The value of the feature for each object is displayed in the analyzed image.
-	Copy	Only visible for Classes (collection of objects) and if more than one class exists. Selects where the feature is copied to. If the Copy column is empty, the selected feature is not copied to any result table.
-	Delete	Deletes the feature from the list.
-	Move Up	Moves the currently selected feature one position up in the list.
-	Move Down	Moves the currently selected feature one position down in the list.
Available Features		Displays the list with all available features. Double-click on the feature or click + to add the feature to the list of selected features on the left.
Feature Search		Here you can enter parts of the name of the feature that you are looking for. The features in which the entered character string occurs are listed. Select a type of feature according to which you want the features to be filtered from the dropdown list.
-	All	Lists all features.
-	Geometric Features	Lists all geometric features.
-	Intensity Features	Lists all features that analyze intensity values.
-	Image Features	Lists all features that contain meta information about the measured image.
-	Position Features	Lists all features that describe the position.
-	Geometric Features Unscaled	Lists all features that describe unscaled geometric features.
-	Position Features Unscaled	Lists all features that describe unscaled positions.
-	Polygon-based Features	Lists all features polygon-based features.
OK		Saves the feature selection and closes the dialog.
Cancel		Cancels the feature selection without saving.

Select Features of All Regions Dialog

For a description of individual measurement features, see Measurement Features.

Parameter		Description
Selected Features		Displays all selected features that are calculated for the object during image analysis.
-	Name	Displays the name of the respective feature.
-	Display	Activated: The value of the feature for each object is displayed in the analyzed image.
-	Copy	Only visible for Classes (collection of objects) and if more than one class exists. Selects where the feature is copied to. If the Copy column is empty, the selected feature is not copied to any result table.
-	Delete	Deletes the feature from the list.
-	Move Up	Moves the currently selected feature one position up in the list.
-	Move Down	Moves the currently selected feature one position down in the list.
Available Features		Displays the list with all available features. Double-click on the feature or click + to add the feature to the list of selected features on the left.
Feature Search		Here you can enter parts of the name of the feature that you are looking for. The features in which the entered character string occurs are listed. Select a type of feature according to which you want the features to be filtered from the dropdown list.
-	All	Lists all features.
-	Geometric Features	Lists all geometric features.
-	Intensity Features	Lists all features that analyze intensity values.
-	Image Features	Lists all features that contain meta information about the measured image.
-	Position Features	Lists all features that describe the position.
-	Geometric Features Unscaled	Lists all features that describe unscaled geometric features.
-	Position Features Unscaled	Lists all features that describe unscaled positions.
OK		Saves the feature selection and closes the dialog.
Cancel		Cancels the feature selection without saving.

Custom Feature Editor

Parameter		Description
Custom Features		Displays a list of the created custom features.
–	Name	Displays the name of the created custom feature.
–	+ Add	Adds a new custom feature that can be defined with the options on the right side.
–	Delete	Deletes the currently selected feature.
Define Custom Feature
–	Name	Defines the name of the feature.
–	Unit	Specifies the unit of the feature as free text input. This input is optional.
Define Operands		Displays and defines the operands used for the calculation of the custom feature.
–	Operand	Displays the name of the operand.
–	Class	Selects the class that is used for the definition of the operand. For a single region class, also the classes of the children can be selected.
–	Feature	Displays all available predefined measurement features for the selected class and selects which measurement feature should be used for the definition of the current operand. If you activate the checkbox behind the selection dropdown, the selected feature is also set visible in the result table.
–	Expression	Displays the expression of the Operand(s) defined by the Class and Feature selection.
–	+ Add	Adds a new operand to the list.
–	Delete	Deletes the currently selected operand.
Define Custom Expression		Defines the mathematical calculation of the feature, using the Operands and mathematical operators, e.g. *100(a/b+Math.Pow(c,2))**.
–	+	Adds the mathematical operator for summation to the calculation.
–	-	Adds the mathematical operator for subtraction to the calculation.
–	*	Adds the mathematical operator for multiplication to the calculation.
–	/	Adds the mathematical operator for division to the calculation.
–	Pow	Adds the mathematical operator to calculate the power of a certain base value. Note that this operator requires two input values (the base and power value) separated by a comma, e.g. Math.Pow (2,3), which corresponds to 2³.
–	Sqrt	Adds the mathematical operator to calculate the square root of a value.
–	Abs	Adds the mathematical operator to return the absolute number, i.e. non negative values.
–	PI	Adds a mathematical operator for Pi.
Verify Expression		Checks the syntax of the Expression.
OK		Adds the defined custom features and closes the dialog.
Cancel		Closes the dialog without saving the changes.

Statistics

In this step you can define custom statistical features for your regions or objects.

Parameter		Description
Interactive		Activated: The features can be changed interactively while the analysis setting is run.
Classes List		Selects the class for which you want to define the custom statistical feature(s).
Define Custom Feature		Opens the editor to define a custom statistical feature.
Custom Statistic Feature List		Displays the created custom statistical features.
–	Name	Displays the name of the feature.

Results Preview

In this step you see a preview of the measurement results. The results table contains only the measurements performed in the current view port. These results may differ from the actual results when the complete image analysis is performed. This increases the performance during the setup.

The results in the table depend on the settings you made in the Feature step. The table contains all selected features for the highlighted class/classes. Click on a row of the table to highlight the corresponding object in the image or vice versa.

The following controls are only available in Free Mode:

Parameter		Description
Class List		Select the class for which you want to see the measured features.
Highlight Box
-	Color	Sets the color of the highlight box surrounding the selected object in the image.
-	Line Width	Sets the line width of the highlight box around the selected object in the image.

Measurement Features

Coordinate System

Some feature descriptions contain images with a coordinate system for illustrative purposes. Note that the actual coordinate system in the software is different and has its point of origin (0/0) in the top left corner of the image.

The software can automatically detect and measure various properties of objects.

Some general terms relevant for several feature descriptions are the following:

Filled: A measurement feature with Filled in its name takes the entire region for the respective calculation, i.e. any holes the region might contain are included in the calculation.
Unscaled: For features that are titled as Unscaled, the scaling of the image is not taken into account for the measurement. The values returned by these features have the unit pixel.

ACP X Unscaled

The x coordinate of the last pixel in the last line of a region.

To identify measurement objects, the image is scanned from bottom left to top right. The so-called ACP (anti-coincidence point) is the last point that has been identified for a new object. The parameter ACP X indicates the x-coordinate of this point.

Unit: pixels
Value range: 1 ... image size in x-direction

ACP Y Unscaled

The y coordinate of the last pixel in the last line of a region.

Unit: pixels
Value range: 1 ... image size in y-direction

ACP Y Unscaled WCS

The y coordinate of the last pixel in the last line of a region.

Unit: pixels
Value range: 1 ... world coordinate size in y-direction

Area

Area of a region.

Area of a region excluding any holes it may contain. The areas of the holes are not included in the measurement. If you want to include them, use the Area filled parameter.

Unit: Unit of area of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm²)

Area Convex (arivis)

Area of convex hull of a region.

The current region is surrounded by a convex polyline. The (filled!) area of the resulting region is then measured.

Unit: Unit of area of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm²)

Area Cut

Area of a region including the parts cut by a frame. Note that if you define Cut at Frame in the Frame step of the image analysis, the value of this parameter is identical to the value delivered by the Area feature.

Unit: Unit of area of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm²)

Area Percentage of Holes

Area of the holes as a percentage of the overall area, i.e. the area of holes divided by the area of the segmented region.

Bound Back

Indicates the back coordinate (highest value in z-direction) of the bounding box of a region. The box is drawn in parallel to the x, y and z axis.

Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Bound Back Unscaled WCS

Indicates the back coordinate (highest value in z-direction) of the unscaled bounding box of a region in the world coordinate system (WCS). The box is drawn in parallel to the x, y and z axis.

Unit: pixels

Bound Center

Bound Center X/Y/Z.

Indicates the x, y or z coordinate of the center of the bounding box for a region.

Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Bound Center Unscaled WCS

Bound Center X/Y/Z Unscaled WCS.

Indicates the x, y or z coordinate of the unscaled center of the bounding box for a region in the world coordinate system (WCS).

Unit: pixels

Bound Center WCS

Bound Center X/Y/Z WCS.

Indicates the x, y or z coordinate of the center of the bounding box for a region in the world coordinate system (WCS).

Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Bound Depth

Indicates the depth of the bounding box of a region, i.e. the "length" of the bounding box in z.

Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Bound Depth Unscaled

Indicates the depth of the unscaled bounding box of a region, i.e. the "length" of the bounding box in z.

Unit: pixels

Bound Front

Indicates the front coordinate (smallest value in z-direction) of the bounding box of a region. The box is drawn in parallel to the x, y and z axis.

Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Bound Front Unscaled WCS

Indicates the front coordinate (smallest value in z-direction) of the unscaled bounding box of a region in the world coordinate system (WCS). The box is drawn in parallel to the x, y and z axis.

Unit: pixels

Bound Front WCS

Indicates the front coordinate (smallest value in z-direction) of the bounding box of a region in the world coordinate system (WCS). The box is drawn in parallel to the x, y and z axis.

Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Bound Height Unscaled

Indicates the height (size in y-direction) of a bounding box for a region. The box is drawn in parallel to the x and y axis.

Unit: pixels
Formula: Bound top - Bound bottom

Bound Left

Minimum x-coordinate of the bounding box of a region.

Indicates the x coordinate of the left-hand edge of a bounding box for a region. The box is drawn in parallel to the x and y axis.

Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Bound Left Unscaled

Minimum x-coordinate of the bounding box of a region.

Indicates the x coordinate of the left-hand edge of a bounding box for a region. The box is drawn in parallel to the x and y axis.

Unit: pixels

Bound Left Unscaled WCS

Minimum x-coordinate of the bounding box of a region.

Indicates the x coordinate in the world coordinate system (WCS) of the left-hand edge of a bounding box for a region. The box is drawn in parallel to the x and y axis.

Unit: pixels

Bound Right

Maximum x-coordinate of the bounding box of a region.

Indicates the x coordinate of the right-hand edge of a bounding box for a region. The box is drawn in parallel to the x and y axis.

Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Bound Right Unscaled WCS

Maximum x-coordinate of the bounding box of a region.

Indicates the x coordinate in the world coordinate system (WCS) of the right-hand edge of a bounding box for a region. The box is drawn in parallel to the x and y axis.

Unit: pixels

Bound Right WCS

Maximum x-coordinate of the bounding box of a region.

Indicates the x coordinate in the world coordinate system (WCS) of the right-hand edge of a bounding box for a region. The box is drawn in parallel to the x and y axis.

Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Bound Top Unscaled

Maximum y-coordinate of the bounding box of a region.

Indicates the y-coordinate of the top edge of a bounding box for a region. The box is drawn in parallel to the x and y axis.

Unit: pixels

Bound Top WCS

Maximum y-coordinate of the bounding box of a region.

Indicates the y coordinate in the world coordinate system (WCS) of the top edge of a bounding box for a region. The box is drawn in parallel to the x and y axis.

Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Bound Width Unscaled

Indicates the width (size in x-direction) of a bounding box for a region. The box is drawn in parallel to the x and y axis.

Formula: Bound right - Bound left
Unit: pixels

Center X Unscaled

The x coordinate of the geometric center of gravity of a region.

Depending on the shape of the object, this point may also lie outside a region. The associated y-coordinate is determined via the Center Y parameter.

Unit: pixels

Center X Unscaled WCS

The x coordinate in the world coordinate system (WCS) of the geometric center of gravity of a region.

Depending on the shape of the object, this point may also lie outside a region. The associated y-coordinate is determined via the Center Y parameter.

Unit: pixels

Center Y Unscaled

The y coordinate of the geometric center of gravity of a region.

Depending on the shape of the object, this point may also lie outside a region. The associated x coordinate is determined via the Center X parameter.

Unit: pixels

Center Z Unscaled

Indicates the z coordinate of the unscaled geometric center of gravity of a region.

Depending on the shape of the object, this point can also lie outside a region. The associated x and y coordinates are determined by the Center X Unscaled and Center Y Unscaled features.

Unit: pixels

Center Z Unscaled WCS

Indicates the z coordinate of the unscaled geometric center of gravity of a region in the world coordinate system (WCS).

Depending on the shape of the object, this point can also lie outside a region. The associated x and y coordinates are determined by the Center X Unscaled WCS and Center Y Unscaled WCS features.

Unit: pixels

Center Z WCS

Indicates the z coordinate of the geometric center of gravity of a region in the world coordinate system (WCS).

Depending on the shape of the object, this point can also lie outside a region. The associated x and y coordinates are determined by the Center X WCS and Center Y WCS features.

Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Circularity (arivis)

Sqrt(Roundness) = Sqrt(4 × Area / (π × Feret Maximum (arivis)²))

Compactness (arivis)

4 × π × Area / Perimeter Convex (arivis)²

Convexity (arivis)

(Perimeter Convex (arivis) / Perimeter Crofton)²

Diameter

Diameter of a circle/sphere with an area/volume equal to that of the object.

The object is measured using the Area feature. A circle with the same area as the object is created. The diameter of this circle is returned.
In case of a three dimensional analysis, the equivalent sphere with the Volume of the region is measured and the diameter of the sphere is returned.

Formula 2D: Sqrt ((4/π)*Area)
Formula 3D: Pow(6*Volume/π, 1/3)
Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Diameter Maximum Inscribed Circle Filled

Diameter of the largest circle that can be inscribed inside an entire object.

The object is transformed into a binary image. A distance transform is applied on the binary image to find the point with the largest distance to the outline of the entire object. The diameter returned by this feature is equal to twice the value of the largest distance. All holes inside the object are ignored for the calculation.

Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Diameter Maximum Inscribed Circle Unscaled

Diameter of the largest circle that can be inscribed inside an area.

The object is transformed into a binary image. A distance transform is applied on the binary image which calculates the largest distance to the outline of the object or any holes the object contains. Extracting the point with the largest distance yields the maximum inscribed circle. The diameter is twice the largest distance.

Unit: pixel

Diameter Unscaled

Unscaled diameter of a circle/sphere with an area/volume equal to that of the object.

The object is measured using the Area Unscaled feature. A circle with the same area as the object is created. The diameter of this circle is returned.
In case of a three dimensional analysis, the equivalent sphere with the Volume Unscaled of the region is measured and the diameter of the sphere is returned.

Formula 2D: Sqrt ((4/π)*Area Unscaled)
Formula 3D: Pow(6*Volume Unscaled/π, 1/3)
Unit: pixels

Ellipse Semi-Major

Length of the semi-major axis of the ellipse.

Length of the semi-major axis of an ellipse with the same geometric moment of inertia as the region. The moment of inertia is calculated about the center of gravity of the region.

Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Ellipse Semi-Major Unscaled

Length of the semi-major axis of the ellipse.

Length of the semi-major axis of an ellipse with the same geometric moment of inertia as the region. The moment of inertia is calculated about the center of gravity of the region.

Unit: pixels

Ellipse Semi-Minor

Length of the semi-minor axis of the ellipse.

Length of the semi-minor axis of an ellipse with the same geometric moment of inertia as the region. The moment of inertia is calculated about the center of gravity of the region.

Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Ellipse Semi-Minor Unscaled

Length of the semi-minor axis of the ellipse.

Length of the semi-minor axis of an ellipse with the same geometric moment of inertia as the region. The moment of inertia is calculated about the center of gravity of the region.

Unit: pixels

Ellipsoid Semi-Major

Calculates the length of the semi-major axis of the equivalent ellipsoid of the region.

Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Ellipsoid Semi-Major Unscaled

Calculates the length of the semi-major axis of the equivalent unscaled ellipsoid of the region.

Unit: pixels

Ellipsoid Semi-Mean

Calculates the length of the semi-mean axis of the equivalent ellipsoid of the region, i.e. half the length of the medium/middle axis of the three dimensional ellipsoid.

Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Ellipsoid Semi-Mean Unscaled

Calculates the length of the semi-mean axis of the equivalent unscaled ellipsoid of the region, i.e. half the length of the medium/middle axis of the three dimensional ellipsoid.

Unit: pixels

Ellipsoid Semi-Minor

Calculates the length of the semi-minor axis of the equivalent ellipsoid of the region.

Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Ellipsoid Semi-Minor Unscaled

Calculates the length of the semi-minor axis of the equivalent unscaled ellipsoid of the region.

Unit: pixels

Feret Maximum

Maximum feret of a region.

The maximum feret of a region is determined on the basis of distance measurements. Two straight lines are positioned on opposite sides of the object, like a sliding caliper, at 128 angle positions. The corresponding distance is measured for each angle position. The maximum value determined is the maximum feret.

Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Feret Maximum (arivis)

Maximum feret of a region.

The maximum feret of a region is determined on the basis of distance measurements. The calculation uses the method of rotating calipers. Two parallel tangent lines are positioned on opposite sides of the object and rotated around the object to determine the largest distance. The corresponding distance is measured for each angle position. The maximum value determined is the maximum feret.

Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Feret Maximum Unscaled (arivis)

Maximum feret of a region.

Unit: pixels

Feret Minimum

Minimum feret of a region.

The minimum feret of a region is determined on the basis of distance measurements. Two straight lines are positioned on opposite sides of the object, like a sliding caliper, at 128 angle positions. The corresponding distance is measured for each angle position. The minimum value determined is the minimum feret.

Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Feret Minimum (arivis)

Minimum feret of a region.

The minimum feret of a region is determined on the basis of distance measurements. The calculation uses the method of rotating calipers. Two parallel tangent lines are positioned on opposite sides of the object and rotated around the object to determine the smallest distance. The corresponding distance is measured for each angle position. The minimum value determined is the minimum feret.

Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Feret Ratio (arivis)

Feret ratio.

The ratio of Feret Minimum (arivis) to Feret Maximum (arivis) is calculated. This ratio makes it possible to make statements on the form of the measured objects. If the feret ratio has a low value, long, elongated objects are present. Values approaching 1 indicate the presence of compact or circular objects, as in this case Feret Minimum (arivis) and Feret Maximum (arivis) have very similar values. The Form Circle is also suitable for making statements on the circularity of an object.

Formula: Feret Minimum (arivis) / Feret Maximum (arivis)
Unit: none
Value range: 0 ... 1

Fiber Length

Length of a fiber-like region.

To calculate the fiber length, a structure that is actually similar to a fiber is required. Here it is not the distance between a start and end point that is determined. The check can be done using the Form circle, among other things.

Formula: ¼ × (Perimeter + (Sqrt (Perimeter² - 16 × Area))
Unit: Unit of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm)

Fiber Length Unscaled

Length of a fiber-like region.

Formula: ¼ × (Perimeter Unscaled + (Sqrt (Perimeter Unscaled² - 16 × Area Unscaled))
Unit: pixels

Frame Area Percentage

The percentage of the area of the regions in relation to the area of all frames in the respective scene. This also includes image areas without pixel values. If you have defined no frame, this feature returns the percentage in relation to the whole image, i.e. the same value as Image Plane Area Percentage. In case of images with multiple scenes, the features is always calculated based on the area of a single scene.

Note that if your image does not contain areas without pixel values and you have not drawn a frame into the image, the following features all have the same result: Frame Area Percentage, Frame Data Area Percentage, Image Plane Area Percentage, and Image Plane Data Area Percentage.

Frame Area Percentage Cut

The percentage of the area of the regions including regions that are cut by the frame in relation to the area of all frames in the respective scene. This also includes image areas without pixel values. In case of images with multiple scenes, the features is always calculated based on the area of a single scene.

Frame Data Area

Returns the area of the measurement frame used in the image. If a ROI is defined in the Frame step of the wizard, this area is displayed, otherwise the area of the entire image is indicated. This only incorporates image areas which contain pixel values.

Unit: Unit of area of the scaling assigned to the image (e.g. μm²)

Image Analysis

See also

Creating an Image Analysis Setting

See also

Running an Image Analysis

Operating the Image Analysis Wizard

Defining Measurement Classes

See also

Specifying Region of Image to be Analyzed (Frame)

See also

Configuring Object Detection (Automatic Segmentation)

Automatically Correcting Object Detection (Condition)

See also

Manually Correcting Object Detection (Interactive Segmentation)

Creating Custom Features

Previewing Measurement (Measure)

See also

Operator Workflow - Counting Cells (Loaded Images)

Image Analysis Workbench

See also

Automatic Measurement Tool

See also

Image Analysis Wizard

Classes

Automatic Segmentation

See also

Sharpen Section

Threshold & Histogram Section

Color Model

RGB

HLS

Variance Section

Model Section

Select Model Dialog

Subtract BG Section

Object Size & Hole Section

Binary Section

Suppress Section

Segmentation Method Selection Dialog

See also

Region Filter

Region Filter Editor Dialog

Interactive Segmentation

Edit Region section

Region Growing section

Post Processing section

Features

See also

Select Features of Individual Regions Dialog

Select Features of All Regions Dialog

Custom Feature Editor

See also

Statistics

See also

Results Preview

Measurement Features

ACP X Unscaled

ACP Y Unscaled

ACP Y Unscaled WCS

Area

Area Convex (arivis)

Area Cut

Area Percentage of Holes

Bound Back

Bound Back Unscaled WCS

Bound Center

Bound Center Unscaled WCS

Bound Center WCS

Bound Depth

Bound Depth Unscaled

Bound Front

Bound Front Unscaled WCS

Bound Front WCS

Bound Height Unscaled

Bound Left

Bound Left Unscaled

Bound Left Unscaled WCS

Bound Right

Bound Right Unscaled WCS

Bound Right WCS