Introduction to Standards
Common Characteristics
The supported standards have common characteristics.
- Distribution of particle size classes
- Definition of particle size classes as cumulative (open size intervals) or differential (closed size intervals) particle counts
- Core measurement parameter (in general: Feret Max) which is used for particle size classification
- Translation of particle numbers in cleanliness level (cleanliness codes or levels)
- Definition of particle numbers as cleanliness classes
- Normalization and Standardization of particle counting results
- Normalized particle number (absolute particle number divided by a factor)
- Standardized particle number (expressing normalized particle numbers in terms of a given standard value of normalized particle numbers to a standard value)
Effective Filter Area
Analysis of the complete flow through area (effective filter area) is mandatory for component cleanliness standards, oil cleanliness allows the analysis of a smaller area and extrapolation of the results to consider the effective filter area.
|
1 |
Filter Area |
|
2 |
Effective Filter Area |
The measurement frame which is defined in the Tiles (measurement) workbench by the diameter is the base for the standard specific calculation of: (1) normalized and standardized values; (2) occupancy rate.
Cleanliness testing of components or medical devices: the measurement frame must cover as a minimum the effective filter area. Note that according to VDA 19.1 or ISO 16232 the complete effective filter area must be analyzed.
Cleanliness testing of oils and lubricants: the measurement frame can be smaller as the effective filter area and the particle results are extrapolated to a larger area, usually to the effective filter area (according to common oil standards).
Supported Standards
The TCA module supports the following standards:
|
Standard |
Description |
|---|---|
|
VDA 19.1 |
Refers to component cleanliness. For more information, see VDA 19 Part 1; Inspection of Component Cleanliness. |
|
ISO 16232 |
Refers to component cleanliness. For more information, see ISO 16232 Road Vehicle. Cleanliness of Components and Systems. |
|
VDA 19.2 (Illig) |
Refers to environmental cleanliness. For more information, especially on the Illig Value, see VDA 19.2 Technical Cleanliness in Assembly - Environment, Logistics, Personnel and Assembly Equipment. |
|
VDI 2083, Part 21 |
Refers to cleanliness of medical products. For more information, see VDI 2083 Part 21; Cleanroom Technology. Cleanliness of Medical Devices in the Manufacturing Process. |
|
ISO 4406 |
Refers to oil cleanliness. For more information, see ISO 4406 Hydraulic Fluid Power. Fluids. Method for Coding the Level of Contamination by Solid Particles. |
|
ISO 4407 |
Refers to oil cleanliness. For more information, see ISO 4407 Hydraulic Fluid Power - Fluid Contamination - Determination of Particulate Contamination by the Counting Method Using an Optical Microscope. |
|
GB/T 20082 |
Refers to oil cleanliness. For more information, see GB/T 20082 Hydraulic Fluid Power - Fluid Contamination - Determination of Particulate Contamination by the Counting Method using an Optical Microscope. |
|
GB/T 14039 |
Refers to oil cleanliness. For more information, see GB/T 14039 Hydraulic Fluid Power. Fluids. Method for Coding the Level of Contamination by Solid Particles. |
|
NAS 1638 |
Refers to oil cleanliness in the aerospace industry. Cleanliness requirements of fluids used in hydraulic systems. For more information, see NAS 1638 National Aerospace Standard. |
|
SAE AS 4059 |
Refers to oil cleanliness in the aerospace industry. Cleanliness requirements of fluids used in hydraulic systems. For more information, see SAE AS 4059 Revision G Aerospace Fluid Power - Contamination Classification for Hydraulic Fluids. |
|
Particle Test Standard (CC) (2010) Slide D45 |
Refers to microscope system validation for component cleanliness testing. For more information, see Particle Test Standard (CC) (2010) Slide D45. |
|
Particle Test Standard (CC with OC) (2010) Slide D45 |
Refers to system validation with component cleanliness job template with ML object classification. For more information, see Particle Test Standard (CC with OC) (2010) Slide D45. |
For detailed information, check the respective standards.
All supported standards are visible in the Standard Template Editor, see Standard Template Editor. VDA 19.2 (Illig) is an exception, it is provided as individual job template, see Understanding the Illig Method.
VDA 19 Part 1; Inspection of Component Cleanliness
|
Particle Size Class |
Size x in µm |
|---|---|
|
B |
5 ≤ x < 15 |
|
C |
15 ≤ x < 25 |
|
D |
25 ≤ x < 50 |
|
E |
50 ≤ x < 100 |
|
F |
100 ≤ x < 150 |
|
G |
150 ≤ x < 200 |
|
H |
200 ≤ x < 400 |
|
I |
400 ≤ x < 600 |
|
J |
600 ≤ x < 1.000 |
|
K |
1.000 ≤ x < 1.500 |
|
L |
1.500 ≤ x < 2000 |
|
M |
2.000 ≤ x < 3.000 |
|
N |
3.000 ≤ x |
1. Particle Concentration Classification
Depending on the normalization parameter the particle count per size class is expressed in cleanliness level as shown in the table:
|
Cleanliness Level |
Particle Count |
|---|---|
|
00 |
0.00 |
|
0 |
1.00 |
|
1 |
2.00 |
|
2 |
4.00 |
|
3 |
8.00 |
|
4 |
16.00 |
|
5 |
32.00 |
|
6 |
64.00 |
|
7 |
130.00 |
|
8 |
250.00 |
|
9 |
500.00 |
|
10 |
1000.00 |
|
11 |
2000.00 |
|
12 |
4000.00 |
|
13 |
8000.00 |
|
14 |
16000.00 |
|
15 |
32000.00 |
|
16 |
64000.00 |
|
17 |
130000.00 |
|
18 |
250000.00 |
|
19 |
500000.00 |
|
20 |
1000000.00 |
|
21 |
2000000.00 |
|
22 |
4000000.00 |
|
23 |
8000000.00 |
|
24 |
16000000.00 |
|
> 24 |
∞ |
2. Normalization
The absolute particle number is divided by a normalization factor:
- Number of components N
- Wetted component area A or
- Wetted component volume V
Number of Components (N)
absolute number of particles / component number = normalized particle numbers
Result expression: normalized particle numbers
Wetted component area (A) in mm2
absolute number of particles / wetted component surface and normalization to standard area:*1000 cm2
Result expression: normalized cleanliness code
Wetted component volume (V) in cm3
absolute number of particles / wetted component surface and normalization to standard area*100 cm3
Result expression: normalized cleanliness codes
Example:
The cleanliness codes always refer to normalized and standardized particle results.
- Number of components = 10
- Wetted component Area = 200 cm2
- Wetted component Volume = 50 cm3
Method: Standard Analysis
The standard analysis is fully parameterized from component extraction to filter analysis.
Advantages: The standard analysis has a good degree of result compatibility and is system and operator independent. No further agreement between customer and supplier is required.
|
Parameter |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Measurement of |
Length and/or width ≥ 50 µm |
|
Length |
Feret Max |
|
Width |
Feret Min |
|
Relative image brightness |
50 - 60%. Default value: 55% |
|
Relative threshold |
70% |
|
Particle typification |
Metallic shine as option (Multi Channel 90°/135°) |
|
Contrast |
Polarized light |
|
Particle type class All does exclude fibers by default. |
|
|
Specific fiber criterion based on elongated fiber length and maximum inner circle |
|
|
Calculation on complete measurement area (effective filter diameter) |
|
For more information, see Concept of Relative Image Brightness and Relative Threshold.
Method: Extended Analysis - Free Analysis
The extended analysis - free analysis is applied whenever supplementary particle information is required:
- Smaller particle size classes
- Particle height measurement
Any changes from the standard method must be documented in detail. You can use the extended analysis with the scope of the following:
- Cause study for critical particles
- Process optimization
- Cleanliness specification beyond standard analysis, for example smaller size classes or 3rd dimension.
|
Parameter |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Measurement of particles |
Length and/or width ≥ 5 µm |
|
Length |
Feret Max |
|
Width |
Feret Min |
|
Individual relative image brightness |
50 - 60%. Default value: 55%. Can be defined individually. |
|
Individual relative threshold |
70%. Can be defined individually. |
|
Particle typification |
Metallic shine as option (Multi Channel 90°/135°) |
|
Contrast |
Polarized light |
|
Particle type class All does exclude fibers by default. |
|
|
Specific fiber criterion based on elongated fiber length and maximum inner circle |
|
|
Calculation on complete measurement area (effective filter diameter) |
|
Default Values for Particle Typification
|
Parameter |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Metallic-Shiny |
(Mean gray value > 200.0) or (Max. gray value ≥ 240.0) |
|
Non-Shiny |
Objects which are not fiber and not metallic-shiny. |
|
Fiber |
(Max. Inscribed Circle ≤ 50.0) and (Fiber Length/Max. Inscribed Circle > 20.0) |
As a Supervisor, you can edit the values in the Standard Template Editor, see Standard Template Editor.
Occupancy Rate
The occupancy rate is a measurement value to describe the quality of the specimen preparation in terms of particle density, and the distribution of particles on the effective filter area. The calculation is performed as follows:
Sum of the particle area of all detected particles in relation to measurement frame area. Value in %.
For more information, see
- About Filters and Occupancy Rate
- Occupancy Rate (Components) Tool
3. Core parameter for size class distribution
Length = Feret Max (default use case), see Feret Maximum
Width = Feret Min (default use case), see Feret Minimum
Maximum inscribed circle = The largest circle that can be inscribed inside an area, see Diameter Maximum Inscribed Circle Filled
Fibers, see Fiber Length
See also
VDA 19.2 Technical Cleanliness in Assembly - Environment, Logistics, Personnel and Assembly Equipment
The Illig method, as described in the VDA 19.2 standard, is used to test the cleanliness of a certain location with its environmental conditions, e.g., air or working benches. By means of particle traps the amount of sedimented particles per time unit (Illig Value) can be analyzed.
The detected particle number per size class is multiplied by a weighting factor, see the first table, summed up and normalized to calculate the Illig value, see table Illig weighting factors. The sum value is normalized to an area of 1000 cm2 and related to a measuring time of 1 h. The result is the Illig Value. The calculated Illig value creates a comparison basis for the collected particulate contamination at different locations over a certain time periode. With the Illig formular, larger particles are stronger weighted than smaller ones, because it is more likely that the larger ones have a higher damage potential.
|
Particle Size Class |
Size x in µm |
Weighting Factor |
|---|---|---|
|
B |
5 ≤ x < 15 |
0 |
|
C |
15 ≤ x < 25 |
0 |
|
D |
25 ≤ x < 50 |
0 |
|
E |
50 ≤ x < 100 |
1 |
|
F |
100 ≤ x < 150 |
4 |
|
G |
150 ≤ x < 200 |
9 |
|
H |
200 ≤ x < 400 |
16 |
|
I |
400 ≤ x < 600 |
64 |
|
J |
600 ≤ x < 1.000 |
144 |
|
K |
1.000 ≤ x |
400 |
Example calculation: Illig weighting factors
|
Size x in µm |
Result |
Weighting Factor |
Weighted Particle No. |
|---|---|---|---|
|
5 ≤ x < 15 |
-- |
0 |
0 |
|
15 ≤ x < 25 |
-- |
0 |
0 |
|
25 ≤ x < 50 |
1620 |
0 |
0 |
|
50 ≤ x < 100 |
374 |
1 |
374 |
|
100 ≤ x < 150 |
57 |
4 |
228 |
|
150 ≤ x < 200 |
43 |
9 |
387 |
|
200 ≤ x < 400 |
15 |
16 |
240 |
|
400 ≤ x < 600 |
7 |
64 |
448 |
|
600 ≤ x < 1.000 |
2 |
144 |
288 |
|
1.000 ≤ x |
3 |
400 |
1200 |
|
Result: |
3165 |
||
|
Normalized for 1000 cm2 and 1 h × 0.39 * |
1234 |
||
|
Illig Value [1/1000] cm2 h |
|||
Applying the Illig formular
1h / measuring time [h] × 1000 cm2/ measuring area [cm2] = 0.39
Time of sedimentation: 1 week = 168 h
Measuring area (лr2) 15.2 cm2
Measuring area: Filter membrane area used for analysis.
Sedimentation time [h]: Defined the time frame of the sample exposure to air.
ISO 16232 Road Vehicle. Cleanliness of Components and Systems
|
Particle Size Class |
Size x in µm |
|---|---|
|
B |
5 ≤ x < 15 |
|
C |
15 ≤ x < 25 |
|
D |
25 ≤ x < 50 |
|
E |
50 ≤ x < 100 |
|
F |
100 ≤ x < 150 |
|
G |
150 ≤ x < 200 |
|
H |
200 ≤ x < 400 |
|
I |
400 ≤ x < 600 |
|
J |
600 ≤ x < 1.000 |
|
K |
1.000 ≤ x < 1.500 |
|
L |
1.500 ≤ x < 2000 |
|
M |
2.000 ≤ x < 3.000 |
|
N |
3.000 ≤ x |
1. Particle Concentration Classification
Depending on the normalization parameter the particle count per size class is expressed in cleanliness level as shown in the table:
|
Cleanliness Level |
Particle Count |
|---|---|
|
00 |
0.00 |
|
0 |
1.00 |
|
1 |
2.00 |
|
2 |
4.00 |
|
3 |
8.00 |
|
4 |
16.00 |
|
5 |
32.00 |
|
6 |
64.00 |
|
7 |
130.00 |
|
8 |
250.00 |
|
9 |
500.00 |
|
10 |
1000.00 |
|
11 |
2000.00 |
|
12 |
4000.00 |
|
13 |
8000.00 |
|
14 |
16000.00 |
|
15 |
32000.00 |
|
16 |
64000.00 |
|
17 |
130000.00 |
|
18 |
250000.00 |
|
19 |
500000.00 |
|
20 |
1000000.00 |
|
21 |
2000000.00 |
|
22 |
4000000.00 |
|
23 |
8000000.00 |
|
24 |
16000000.00 |
|
> 24 |
∞ |
2. Normalization
The absolute particle number is divided by a normalization factor:
- Number of components N
- Wetted component area A or
- Wetted component volume V
Number of Components (N)
absolute number of particles / component number = normalized particle numbers
Result expression: normalized particle numbers
Wetted component area (A) in mm2
absolute number of particles / wetted component surface and normalization to standard area:*1000 cm2
Result expression: normalized cleanliness code
Wetted component volume (V) in cm3
absolute number of particles / wetted component surface and normalization to standard area*100 cm3
Result expression: normalized cleanliness codes
Example:
The cleanliness codes always refer to normalized and standardized particle results.
- Number of components = 10
- Wetted component Area = 200 cm2
- Wetted component Volume = 50 cm3
Method: Standard Analysis
The standard analysis is fully parameterized from component extraction to filter analysis.
Advantages: The standard analysis has a good degree of result compatibility and is system and operator independent. No further agreement between customer and supplier is required.
|
Parameter |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Measurement of |
Length and/or width ≥ 50 µm |
|
Length |
Feret Max |
|
Width |
Feret Min |
|
Relative image brightness |
50 - 60%. Default value: 55% |
|
Relative threshold |
70% |
|
Particle typification |
Metallic shine as option (Multi Channel 90°/135°) |
|
Contrast |
Polarized light |
|
Particle type class All does exclude fibers by default. |
|
|
Specific fiber criterion based on elongated fiber length and maximum inner circle |
|
|
Calculation on complete measurement area (effective filter diameter) |
|
For more information, see Concept of Relative Image Brightness and Relative Threshold.
Method: Extended Analysis - Free Analysis
The extended analysis - free analysis is applied whenever supplementary particle information is required:
- Smaller particle size classes
- Particle height measurement
Any changes from the standard method must be documented in detail. You can use the extended analysis with the scope of the following:
- Cause study for critical particles
- Process optimization
- Cleanliness specification beyond standard analysis, for example smaller size classes or 3rd dimension.
|
Parameter |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Measurement of particles |
Length and/or width ≥ 5 µm |
|
Length |
Feret Max |
|
Width |
Feret Min |
|
Individual relative image brightness |
50 - 60%. Default value: 55%. Can be defined individually. |
|
Individual relative threshold |
70%. Can be defined individually. |
|
Particle typification |
Metallic shine as option (Multi Channel 90°/135°) |
|
Contrast |
Polarized light |
|
Particle type class All does exclude fibers by default. |
|
|
Specific fiber criterion based on elongated fiber length and maximum inner circle |
|
|
Calculation on complete measurement area (effective filter diameter) |
|
Default Values for Particle Typification
|
Parameter |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Metallic-Shiny |
(Mean gray value > 200.0) or (Max. gray value ≥ 240.0) |
|
Non-Shiny |
Objects which are not fiber and not metallic-shiny. |
|
Fiber |
(Max. Inscribed Circle ≤ 50.0) and (Fiber Length/Max. Inscribed Circle > 20.0) |
As a Supervisor, you can edit the values in the Standard Template Editor, see Standard Template Editor.
Occupancy Rate
The occupancy rate is a measurement value to describe the quality of the specimen preparation in terms of particle density, and the distribution of particles on the effective filter area. The calculation is performed as follows:
Sum of the particle area of all detected particles in relation to measurement frame area. Value in %.
For more information, see
- About Filters and Occupancy Rate
- Occupancy Rate (Components) Tool
3. Core parameter for size class distribution
Length = Feret Max (default use case), see Feret Maximum
Width = Feret Min (default use case), see Feret Minimum
Maximum inscribed circle = The largest circle that can be inscribed inside an area, see Diameter Maximum Inscribed Circle Filled
Fibers, see Fiber Length
See also
VDI 2083 Part 21; Cleanroom Technology. Cleanliness of Medical Devices in the Manufacturing Process
|
Particle Size Class |
Size x in µm |
|---|---|
|
B |
5 ≤ x < 15 |
|
C |
15 ≤ x < 25 |
|
D |
25 ≤ x < 50 |
|
E |
50 ≤ x < 100 |
|
F |
100 ≤ x < 150 |
|
G |
150 ≤ x < 200 |
|
H |
200 ≤ x < 400 |
|
I |
400 ≤ x < 600 |
|
J |
600 ≤ x < 1.000 |
|
K |
1.000 ≤ x < 1.500 |
|
L |
1.500 ≤ x < 2000 |
|
M |
2.000 ≤ x < 3.000 |
|
N |
3.000 ≤ x |
1. Particle Concentration Classification
Depending on the normalization parameter the particle count per size class is expressed in cleanliness level as shown in the table:
|
Cleanliness Level |
Particle Count |
|---|---|
|
00 |
0.00 |
|
0 |
1.00 |
|
1 |
2.00 |
|
2 |
4.00 |
|
3 |
8.00 |
|
4 |
16.00 |
|
5 |
32.00 |
|
6 |
64.00 |
|
7 |
130.00 |
|
8 |
250.00 |
|
9 |
500.00 |
|
10 |
1000.00 |
|
11 |
2000.00 |
|
12 |
4000.00 |
|
13 |
8000.00 |
|
14 |
16000.00 |
|
15 |
32000.00 |
|
16 |
64000.00 |
|
17 |
130000.00 |
|
18 |
250000.00 |
|
19 |
500000.00 |
|
20 |
1000000.00 |
|
21 |
2000000.00 |
|
22 |
4000000.00 |
|
23 |
8000000.00 |
|
24 |
16000000.00 |
|
> 24 |
∞ |
2. Normalization
The absolute particle number is divided by a normalization factor:
- Number of components N
- Wetted component area A or
- Wetted component volume V
Number of Components (N)
absolute number of particles / component number = normalized particle numbers
Result expression: normalized particle numbers
Wetted component area (A) in mm2
absolute number of particles / wetted component surface and normalization to standard area:*1000 cm2
Result expression: normalized cleanliness code
Wetted component volume (V) in cm3
absolute number of particles / wetted component surface and normalization to standard area*100 cm3
Result expression: normalized cleanliness codes
Example:
The cleanliness codes always refer to normalized and standardized particle results.
- Number of components = 10
- Wetted component Area = 200 cm2
- Wetted component Volume = 50 cm3
Method: Standard Analysis
The standard analysis is fully parameterized from component extraction to filter analysis.
Advantages: The standard analysis has a good degree of result compatibility and is system and operator independent. No further agreement between customer and supplier is required.
|
Parameter |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Measurement of |
Length and/or width ≥ 50 µm |
|
Length |
Feret Max |
|
Width |
Feret Min |
|
Relative image brightness |
50 - 60%. Default value: 55% |
|
Relative threshold |
70% |
|
Particle typification |
Metallic shine as option (Multi Channel 90°/135°) |
|
Contrast |
Polarized light |
|
Particle type class All does exclude fibers by default. |
|
|
Specific fiber criterion based on elongated fiber length and maximum inner circle |
|
|
Calculation on complete measurement area (effective filter diameter) |
|
For more information, see Concept of Relative Image Brightness and Relative Threshold.
Method: Extended Analysis - Free Analysis
The extended analysis - free analysis is applied whenever supplementary particle information is required:
- Smaller particle size classes
- Particle height measurement
Any changes from the standard method must be documented in detail. You can use the extended analysis with the scope of the following:
- Cause study for critical particles
- Process optimization
- Cleanliness specification beyond standard analysis, for example smaller size classes or 3rd dimension.
|
Parameter |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Measurement of particles |
Length and/or width ≥ 5 µm |
|
Length |
Feret Max |
|
Width |
Feret Min |
|
Individual relative image brightness |
50 - 60%. Default value: 55%. Can be defined individually. |
|
Individual relative threshold |
70%. Can be defined individually. |
|
Particle typification |
Metallic shine as option (Multi Channel 90°/135°) |
|
Contrast |
Polarized light |
|
Particle type class All does exclude fibers by default. |
|
|
Specific fiber criterion based on elongated fiber length and maximum inner circle |
|
|
Calculation on complete measurement area (effective filter diameter) |
|
Default Values for Particle Typification
|
Parameter |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Metallic-Shiny |
(Mean gray value > 200.0) or (Max. gray value ≥ 240.0) |
|
Non-Shiny |
Objects which are not fiber and not metallic-shiny. |
|
Fiber |
(Max. Inscribed Circle ≤ 50.0) and (Fiber Length/Max. Inscribed Circle > 20.0) |
As a Supervisor, you can edit the values in the Standard Template Editor, see Standard Template Editor.
Occupancy Rate
The occupancy rate is a measurement value to describe the quality of the specimen preparation in terms of particle density, and the distribution of particles on the effective filter area. The calculation is performed as follows:
Sum of the particle area of all detected particles in relation to measurement frame area. Value in %.
For more information, see
- About Filters and Occupancy Rate
- Occupancy Rate (Components) Tool
3. Core parameter for size class distribution
Length = Feret Max (default use case), see Feret Maximum
Width = Feret Min (default use case), see Feret Minimum
Fibers, see Fiber Length
ISO 4406 Hydraulic Fluid Power. Fluids. Method for Coding the Level of Contamination by Solid Particles
|
Particle Size |
Size x in µm |
|---|---|
|
Class 1 |
5 ≤ x < ∞ |
|
Class 2 |
15 ≤ x < ∞ |
1. Particle Concentration Classification
Depending on the normalization parameter the particle count per size class is expressed in contamination level as shown in the table:
|
Contamination Level |
Particle Count |
|---|---|
|
0 |
1.00 |
|
1 |
2.00 |
|
2 |
4.00 |
|
3 |
8.00 |
|
4 |
16.00 |
|
5 |
32.00 |
|
6 |
64.00 |
|
7 |
130.00 |
|
8 |
250.00 |
|
9 |
500.00 |
|
10 |
1000.00 |
|
11 |
2000.00 |
|
12 |
4000.00 |
|
13 |
8000.00 |
|
14 |
16000.00 |
|
15 |
3200.000 |
|
16 |
64000.00 |
|
17 |
130000.00 |
|
18 |
250000.00 |
|
19 |
500000.00 |
|
20 |
1000000.00 |
|
21 |
2000000.00 |
|
22 |
4000000.00 |
|
23 |
8000000.00 |
|
24 |
160000000.00 |
|
25 |
320000000.00 |
|
26 |
640000000.00 |
|
27 |
130000000.00 |
|
28 |
250000000.00 |
|
>28 |
∞ |
2. Normalization
The absolute particle number is divided by the applied oil volume and standardized to 100 ml.
Default Values for Particle Typification
|
Particle Type |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Fiber |
Length (Feret Max) > 100 µm |
|
Particle |
If the particle is not in the range of Fiber, it is a particle. |
As a Supervisor, you can edit the values in the Standard Template Editor, see Standard Template Editor.
Occupancy Rate
The occupancy rate is a measurement value to describe the quality of the specimen preparation in terms of particle density, and the distribution of particles on the effective filter area. The calculation is performed as follows:
Sum of the particle area of all detected particles in relation to measurement frame area. Value in %.
For more information, see
- About Filters and Occupancy Rate
- Occupancy Rate (Oil, Lubricants) Tool
3. Core parameter for size class distribution
Length = Feret Max (default use case), see Feret Maximum
Width = Feret Min (default use case), see Feret Minimum
GB/T 14039 Hydraulic Fluid Power. Fluids. Method for Coding the Level of Contamination by Solid Particles
GB/T 14039:2002 is based on ISO 4406:1999.
|
Particle Size |
Size x in µm |
|---|---|
|
Class 1 |
5 ≤ x < ∞ |
|
Class 2 |
15 ≤ x < ∞ |
1. Particle Concentration Classification
Depending on the normalization parameter the particle count per size class is expressed in contamination level as shown in the table:
|
Contamination Level |
Particle Count |
|---|---|
|
0 |
1.00 |
|
1 |
2.00 |
|
2 |
4.00 |
|
3 |
8.00 |
|
4 |
16.00 |
|
5 |
32.00 |
|
6 |
64.00 |
|
7 |
130.00 |
|
8 |
250.00 |
|
9 |
500.00 |
|
10 |
1000.00 |
|
11 |
2000.00 |
|
12 |
4000.00 |
|
13 |
8000.00 |
|
14 |
16000.00 |
|
15 |
3200.000 |
|
16 |
64000.00 |
|
17 |
130000.00 |
|
18 |
250000.00 |
|
19 |
500000.00 |
|
20 |
1000000.00 |
|
21 |
2000000.00 |
|
22 |
4000000.00 |
|
23 |
8000000.00 |
|
24 |
160000000.00 |
|
25 |
320000000.00 |
|
26 |
640000000.00 |
|
27 |
130000000.00 |
|
28 |
250000000.00 |
|
>28 |
∞ |
2. Normalization
The absolute particle number is divided by the applied oil volume and standardized to 100 ml.
Default Values for Particle Typification
|
Particle Type |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Fiber |
Length (Feret Max) > 100 µm |
|
Particle |
If the particle is not in the range of Fiber, it is a particle. |
As a Supervisor, you can edit the values in the Standard Template Editor, see Standard Template Editor.
Occupancy Rate
The occupancy rate is a measurement value to describe the quality of the specimen preparation in terms of particle density, and the distribution of particles on the effective filter area. The calculation is performed as follows:
Sum of the particle area of all detected particles in relation to measurement frame area. Value in %.
For more information, see
- About Filters and Occupancy Rate
- Occupancy Rate (Oil, Lubricants) Tool
3. Core parameter for size class distribution
Length = Feret Max (default use case), see Feret Maximum
Width = Feret Min (default use case), see Feret Minimum
ISO 4407 Hydraulic Fluid Power - Fluid Contamination - Determination of Particulate Contamination by the Counting Method Using an Optical Microscope
|
Particle Size |
Size x in µm |
|---|---|
|
Class 1 |
2 ≤ x < ∞ |
|
Class 2 |
5 ≤ x < ∞ |
|
Class 3 |
15 ≤ x < ∞ |
|
Class 4 |
25 ≤ x < ∞ |
|
Class 5 |
50 ≤ x ∞ |
|
Class 6 |
100 ≤ x ∞ |
1. Particle Concentration Classification
Depending on the normalization parameter the particle count per size class is expressed in contamination level as shown in the table:
|
Contamination Level |
Particle Count |
|---|---|
|
0 |
1.00 |
|
1 |
2.00 |
|
2 |
4.00 |
|
3 |
8.00 |
|
4 |
16.00 |
|
5 |
32.00 |
|
6 |
64.00 |
|
7 |
130.00 |
|
8 |
250.00 |
|
9 |
500.00 |
|
10 |
1000.00 |
|
11 |
2000.00 |
|
12 |
4000.00 |
|
13 |
8000.00 |
|
14 |
16000.00 |
|
15 |
3200.000 |
|
16 |
64000.00 |
|
17 |
130000.00 |
|
18 |
250000.00 |
|
19 |
500000.00 |
|
20 |
1000000.00 |
|
21 |
2000000.00 |
|
22 |
4000000.00 |
|
23 |
8000000.00 |
|
24 |
160000000.00 |
|
25 |
320000000.00 |
|
26 |
640000000.00 |
|
27 |
130000000.00 |
|
28 |
250000000.00 |
|
>28 |
∞ |
2. Normalization
The absolute particle number is divided by the applied oil volume and standardized to 100 ml.
Default Values for Particle Typification
|
Particle Type |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Fiber |
Length (Feret Max) > 100 µm |
|
Particle |
If the particle is not in the range of Fiber, it is a particle. |
As a Supervisor, you can edit the values in the Standard Template Editor, see Standard Template Editor.
Occupancy Rate
The occupancy rate is a measurement value to describe the quality of the specimen preparation in terms of particle density, and the distribution of particles on the effective filter area. The calculation is performed as follows:
Sum of the particle area of all detected particles in relation to measurement frame area. Value in %.
For more information, see
- About Filters and Occupancy Rate
- Occupancy Rate (Oil, Lubricants) Tool
3. Core parameter for size class distribution
Length = Feret Max (default use case), see Feret Maximum
Width = Feret Min (default use case), see Feret Minimum
GB/T 20082 Hydraulic Fluid Power - Fluid Contamination - Determination of Particulate Contamination by the Counting Method using an Optical Microscope
GB/T 20082:2006 is based on ISO 4407:2002.
|
Particle Size |
Size x in µm |
|---|---|
|
Class 1 |
2 ≤ x < ∞ |
|
Class 2 |
5 ≤ x < ∞ |
|
Class 3 |
15 ≤ x < ∞ |
|
Class 4 |
25 ≤ x < ∞ |
|
Class 5 |
50 ≤ x ∞ |
|
Class 6 |
100 ≤ x ∞ |
1. Particle Concentration Classification
Depending on the normalization parameter the particle count per size class is expressed in cleanliness level as shown in the table:
|
Cleanliness Level |
Particle Count |
|---|---|
|
0 |
1.00 |
|
1 |
2.00 |
|
2 |
4.00 |
|
3 |
8.00 |
|
4 |
16.00 |
|
5 |
32.00 |
|
6 |
64.00 |
|
7 |
130.00 |
|
8 |
250.00 |
|
9 |
500.00 |
|
10 |
1000.00 |
|
11 |
2000.00 |
|
12 |
4000.00 |
|
13 |
8000.00 |
|
14 |
16000.00 |
|
15 |
3200.000 |
|
16 |
64000.00 |
|
17 |
130000.00 |
|
18 |
250000.00 |
|
19 |
500000.00 |
|
20 |
1000000.00 |
|
21 |
2000000.00 |
|
22 |
4000000.00 |
|
23 |
8000000.00 |
|
24 |
160000000.00 |
|
25 |
320000000.00 |
|
26 |
640000000.00 |
|
27 |
130000000.00 |
|
28 |
250000000.00 |
|
>28 |
∞ |
2. Normalization
The absolute particle number is divided by the applied oil volume and standardized to 100 ml.
Default Values for Particle Typification
|
Particle Type |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Fiber |
Length (Feret Max) > 100 µm |
|
Particle |
If the particle is not in the range of Fiber, it is a particle. |
As a Supervisor, you can edit the values in the Standard Template Editor, see Standard Template Editor.
Occupancy Rate
The occupancy rate is a measurement value to describe the quality of the specimen preparation in terms of particle density, and the distribution of particles on the effective filter area. The calculation is performed as follows:
Sum of the particle area of all detected particles in relation to measurement frame area. Value in %.
For more information, see
- About Filters and Occupancy Rate
- Occupancy Rate (Oil, Lubricants) Tool
3. Core parameter for size class distribution
Length = Feret Max (default use case), see Feret Maximum
Width = Feret Min (default use case), see Feret Minimum
NAS 1638 National Aerospace Standard
|
Particle Size Class |
Size x in µm |
|---|---|
|
Class 1 |
5 ≤ x < 15 |
|
Class 2 |
15 ≤ x < 25 |
|
Class 3 |
25 ≤ x < 50 |
|
Class 4 |
50 ≤ x < 100 |
|
Class 5 |
100 ≤ x |
1. Particle Concentration Classification
Depending on the normalization parameter the particle count per size class is expressed in contamination level as shown in the table:
|
Contamination Level |
5 ≤ x < 15 |
15 ≤ x < 25 |
25 ≤ x < 50 |
50 ≤ x < 100 |
100 ≤ x |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
00 |
125.00 |
22.00 |
4.00 |
1.00 |
0* |
|
0 |
250.00 |
44.00 |
8.00 |
2.00 |
0.50* |
|
1 |
500.00 |
89.00 |
16.00 |
3.00 |
1.00* |
|
2 |
1.000.00 |
178.00 |
32.00 |
6.00 |
1.50* |
|
3 |
2000.00 |
356.00 |
63.00 |
11.00 |
2.00 |
|
4 |
4000.00 |
712.00 |
126.00 |
22.00 |
4.00 |
|
5 |
8000.00 |
1425.00 |
253.00 |
45.00 |
8.00 |
|
6 |
16000.00 |
2850.00 |
506.00 |
90.00 |
16.00 |
|
7 |
32000.00 |
5700.00 |
1012.00 |
180.00 |
32.00 |
|
8 |
64000.00 |
11400.00 |
2025.00 |
360.00 |
64.00 |
|
9 |
128000.00 |
22800.00 |
4050.00 |
720.00 |
128.00 |
|
10 |
256000.00 |
45600.00 |
8100.00 |
1440.00 |
256.00 |
|
11 |
512000.00 |
91200.00 |
16200.00 |
2880.00 |
512.00 |
|
12 |
1024000.00 |
182400.00 |
32400.00 |
5760.00 |
1024.00 |
|
>12 |
∞ |
∞ |
∞ |
∞ |
∞ |
2. Normalization
The absolute particle number is divided by the applied oil volume and standardized to 100ml.
Default Values for Particle Typification
|
Particle Type |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Fiber |
Length (Feret Max) > 100 µm |
|
Particle |
If the particle is not in the range of Fiber, it is a particle. |
As a Supervisor, you can edit the values in the Standard Template Editor, see Standard Template Editor.
Occupancy Rate
The occupancy rate is a measurement value to describe the quality of the specimen preparation in terms of particle density, and the distribution of particles on the effective filter area. The calculation is performed as follows:
Sum of the particle area of all detected particles in relation to measurement frame area. Value in %.
For more information, see
- About Filters and Occupancy Rate
- Occupancy Rate (Oil, Lubricants) Tool
3. Core parameter for size class distribution
Length = Feret Max (default use case), see Feret Maximum
Width = Feret Min (default use case), see Feret Minimum
SAE AS 4059 Revision G Aerospace Fluid Power - Contamination Classification for Hydraulic Fluids
|
Particle Size Class |
Size x in µm |
|---|---|
|
Class 1 |
5 ≤ x < 15 |
|
Class 2 |
15 ≤ x < 25 |
|
Class 3 |
25 ≤ x < 50 |
|
Class 4 |
50 ≤ x < 100 |
|
Class 5 |
100 ≤ x |
|
Particle Size Class |
Size x in µm |
|---|---|
|
Class 1 |
1 ≤ x < ∞ |
|
Class 2 |
5 ≤ x < ∞ |
|
Class 3 |
15 ≤ x < ∞ |
|
Class 4 |
25 ≤ x < ∞ |
|
Class 5 |
50 ≤ x < ∞ |
|
Class 6 |
100 ≤ x < ∞ |
1. Particle Concentration Classification
Depending on the normalization parameter the particle count per size class is expressed in contamination level as shown in the table:
|
Contamination Level |
5 ≤ x < 15 |
15 ≤ x < 25 |
25 ≤ x < 50 |
50 ≤ x < 100 |
100 ≤ x |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
00 |
125.00 |
22.00 |
4.00 |
1.00 |
0* |
|
0 |
250.00 |
44.00 |
8.00 |
2.00 |
0.50* |
|
1 |
500.00 |
89.00 |
16.00 |
3.00 |
1.00* |
|
2 |
1.000.00 |
178.00 |
32.00 |
6.00 |
1.50* |
|
3 |
2000.00 |
356.00 |
63.00 |
11.00 |
2.00 |
|
4 |
4000.00 |
712.00 |
126.00 |
22.00 |
4.00 |
|
5 |
8000.00 |
1425.00 |
253.00 |
45.00 |
8.00 |
|
6 |
16000.00 |
2850.00 |
506.00 |
90.00 |
16.00 |
|
7 |
32000.00 |
5700.00 |
1012.00 |
180.00 |
32.00 |
|
8 |
64000.00 |
11400.00 |
2025.00 |
360.00 |
64.00 |
|
9 |
128000.00 |
22800.00 |
4050.00 |
720.00 |
128.00 |
|
10 |
256000.00 |
45600.00 |
8100.00 |
1440.00 |
256.00 |
|
11 |
512000.00 |
91200.00 |
16200.00 |
2880.00 |
512.00 |
|
12 |
1024000.00 |
182400.00 |
32400.00 |
5760.00 |
1024.00 |
|
>12 |
∞ |
∞ |
∞ |
∞ |
∞ |
|
Contamination Level |
1 ≤ x < ∞ |
5 ≤ x < ∞ |
15 ≤ x < ∞ |
25 ≤ x < ∞ |
50 ≤ x < ∞ |
100 ≤ x < ∞ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
000 |
195.00 |
76.00 |
14.00 |
3.00 |
1.0 |
0.00* |
|
00 |
390.00 |
152.00 |
27.00 |
5.00 |
1.5 |
0.25* |
|
0 |
780.00 |
304.00 |
54.00 |
10.00 |
2.00 |
0.50* |
|
1 |
1560.00 |
609.00 |
109.00 |
20.00 |
4.00 |
1.00* |
|
2 |
3120.00 |
1217.00 |
217.00 |
39.00 |
7.00 |
1.50 |
|
3 |
6250.00 |
2432.00 |
432.00 |
76.00 |
13.00 |
2.00 |
|
4 |
12500.00 |
4864.00 |
864.00 |
152.00 |
26.00 |
4.00 |
|
5 |
25000.00 |
9731.00 |
1731.00 |
306.00 |
53.00 |
8.00 |
|
6 |
50000.00 |
19462.00 |
3462.00 |
612.00 |
106.00 |
16.00 |
|
7 |
100000.00 |
38924.00 |
6924.00 |
1224.00 |
212.00 |
32.00 |
|
8 |
200000.00 |
77849.00 |
13849.00 |
2449.00 |
424.00 |
64.00 |
|
9 |
400000.00 |
155698.00 |
27698.00 |
4898.00 |
848.00 |
128.00 |
|
10 |
800000.00 |
311396.00 |
55396.00 |
9796.00 |
1696.00 |
256.00 |
|
11 |
1600000.00 |
622792.00 |
110792.00 |
19592.00 |
3392.00 |
512.00 |
|
12 |
3200000.00 |
1245584.00 |
221584.00 |
39184.00 |
6784.00 |
1024.00 |
|
>12 |
∞ |
∞ |
∞ |
∞ |
∞ |
∞ |
2. Normalization
The absolute particle number is divided by the applied oil volume and standardized to 100ml.
Default Values for Particle Typification
|
Particle Type |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Fiber |
Length (Feret Max) > 100 µm |
|
Particle |
If the particle is not in the range of Fiber, it is a particle. |
As a Supervisor, you can edit the values in the Standard Template Editor, see Standard Template Editor.
Occupancy Rate
The occupancy rate is a measurement value to describe the quality of the specimen preparation in terms of particle density, and the distribution of particles on the effective filter area. The calculation is performed as follows:
Sum of the particle area of all detected particles in relation to measurement frame area. Value in %.
For more information, see
- About Filters and Occupancy Rate
- Occupancy Rate (Oil, Lubricants) Tool
3. Core parameter for size class distribution
Length = Feret Max (default use case), see Feret Maximum
Width = Feret Min (default use case), see Feret Minimum
Particle Test Standard (CC) (2010) Slide D45
Provides a standard template for microscope system validation.
Particle Test Standard (CC with OC) (2010) Slide D45
Provides a standard template for microscope system validation.
Comparison of Standards
|
Comparison by |
Component Cleanliness |
Oil Cleanliness |
|---|---|---|
|
Relevant standards |
|
|
|
Job templates |
Job template Component Cleanliness Testing (Loaded Images) is supplied with the software. In the TCA Workflow Editor, you can create individual job templates. You have the following options:
|
In the TCA Workflow Editor, you can create individual job templates. You have the following options:
|
|
Effective area |
Complete flow through area must be analyzed; i.e. extrapolation of results is not allowed |
Extrapolation is allowed; e.g. scan D35 and extrapolation to D41 |
|
Normalization |
|
Applied oil volume (V) |
|
Result interpretation |
Focus on large particles and often in practice also on metallic-shiny particles. |
Focus mainly on particle count |
|
Analysis (in practice) |
Particle size distribution and particle type (metallic-shiny, non-shiny, fiber) |
Particle size distribution and particle types (particles and fibers) |
|
Average particle size |
5 µm up to ≥ 3000 µm |
1 µm up to > 100 µm |
|
Particle size distribution |
Differential particle counts Methods:
|
No specific methods. |
|
Cleanliness classes (levels or codes) |
One cleanliness code table valid for all particle size classes. |
Depending on the standard, one cleanliness code table is valid for all particle size classes or individual code tables per particle size class. |
|
Relative image brightness (Luminosity) & Relative threshold |
Image brightness adjustment using the luminosity value and image analysis setting with a corresponding relative threshold. |
Image brightness adjustment by exposure time or luminosity and image analysis setting via independent definition of a threshold range or relative threshold. |
|
Image acquisition and camera sensor pixel polarization (default setting) |
One multichannel image with Pol- 90° and Pol-135°. For more information, see Polarization Method. |
One single-channel image with Pol-90° (with Axiocam 705 pol). With other Axiocams, polarization contrast is required. |
|
Occupancy rate |
Results refer to the complete measurement frame area (=effective filter area). |
Results refer to the complete measurement frame area (=effective filter area). |
For more information, see Common Characteristics.
Correlative Analysis
The EM/EDS analysis of the correlative workflow is based on the same standards like for LM analysis. The definitions for size classification, normalization and cleanliness codes are identical to LM analysis. This includes as well the default measurement parameter.
The guideline for material classification by EM/EDS is described very detailed in the standards for component cleanliness.
For further information on the technical requirements for material characterization with EM/EDS, refer to the SmartSEM and the SmartPI manual.
See also
- VDA 19 Part 1; Inspection of Component Cleanliness
- VDA 19.2 Technical Cleanliness in Assembly - Environment, Logistics, Personnel and Assembly Equipment
- ISO 16232 Road Vehicle. Cleanliness of Components and Systems
- VDI 2083 Part 21; Cleanroom Technology. Cleanliness of Medical Devices in the Manufacturing Process
ON THIS PAGE
- Introduction to Standards
- Common Characteristics
- Supported Standards
- VDA 19 Part 1; Inspection of Component Cleanliness
- VDA 19.2 Technical Cleanliness in Assembly - Environment, Logistics, Personnel and Assembly Equipment
- ISO 16232 Road Vehicle. Cleanliness of Components and Systems
- VDI 2083 Part 21; Cleanroom Technology. Cleanliness of Medical Devices in the Manufacturing Process
- ISO 4406 Hydraulic Fluid Power. Fluids. Method for Coding the Level of Contamination by Solid Particles
- GB/T 14039 Hydraulic Fluid Power. Fluids. Method for Coding the Level of Contamination by Solid Particles
- ISO 4407 Hydraulic Fluid Power - Fluid Contamination - Determination of Particulate Contamination by the Counting Method Using an Optical Microscope
- GB/T 20082 Hydraulic Fluid Power - Fluid Contamination - Determination of Particulate Contamination by the Counting Method using an Optical Microscope
- NAS 1638 National Aerospace Standard
- SAE AS 4059 Revision G Aerospace Fluid Power - Contamination Classification for Hydraulic Fluids
- Particle Test Standard (CC) (2010) Slide D45
- Particle Test Standard (CC with OC) (2010) Slide D45
- Comparison of Standards
- Correlative Analysis